This school of psychology was interested in how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning. Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology that investigates how people think and the processes involved in cognition. Show
Hot Cognition vs. Cold CognitionSome split cognition into two categories: hot and cold. Hot cognition refers to mental processes in which emotion plays a role, such as reward-based learning. Conversely, cold cognition refers to mental processes that don't involve feelings or emotions, such as working memory. What Is Cognitive Psychology? History of the Study of CognitionThe study of how humans think dates back to the time of ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Philosophical OriginsPlato's approach to the study of the mind suggested that people understand the world by first identifying basic principles buried deep inside themselves, then using rational thought to create knowledge. This viewpoint was later advocated by philosophers such as Rene Descartes and linguist Noam Chomsky. It is often referred to as rationalism. Aristotle, on the other hand, believed that people acquire knowledge through their observations of the world around them. Later thinkers such as John Locke and B.F. Skinner also advocated this point of view, which is often referred to as empiricism. Early PsychologyDuring the earliest days of psychology—and for the first half of the 20th century—psychology was largely dominated by psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism. Eventually, a formal field of study devoted solely to the study of cognition emerged as part of the "cognitive revolution" of the 1960s. This field is known as cognitive psychology. The Emergence of Cognitive PsychologyOne of the earliest definitions of cognition was presented in the first textbook on cognitive psychology, which was published in 1967. According to Ulric Neisser, a psychologist and the book's author, cognition is "those processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used." The Origins of Psychology Types of Cognitive ProcessesThere are many different types of cognitive processes. They include:
What Can Affect Cognition?It is important to remember that these cognitive processes are complex and often imperfect. Some of the factors that can affect or influence cognition include: AgeResearch indicates that as we age, our cognitive function tends to decline. Age-related cognitive changes include processing things more slowly, finding it harder to recall past events, and a failure to remember information that was once known (such as how to solve a particular math equation or historical information). Attention IssuesSelective attention is a limited resource, so there are a number of things that can make it difficult to focus on everything in your environment. Attentional blink, for example, happens when you are so focused on one thing that you completely miss something else happening right in front of you. Cognitive BiasesCognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking related to how people process and interpret information about the world. Confirmation bias is one common example that involves only paying attention to information that aligns with your existing beliefs while ignoring evidence that doesn't support your views. GeneticsSome studies have connected cognitive function with certain genes. For example, a 2020 study published in Brain Communications found that a person's level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is 30% determined by heritability, can impact the rate of brain neurodegeneration, a condition that ultimately impacts cognitive function. Memory LimitationsShort-term memory is surprisingly brief, typically lasting just 20 to 30 seconds, whereas long-term memory can be stable and enduring, with memories lasting years and even decades. Memory can also be fragile and fallible. Sometimes we forget and other times we are subject to misinformation effects that may even lead to the formation of false memories. What Is the Mandela Effect? Uses of CognitionCognitive processes affect every aspect of life, from school to work to relationships. Some specific uses for these processes include the following. Learning New ThingsLearning requires being able to take in new information, form new memories, and make connections with other things that you already know. Researchers and educators use their knowledge of these cognitive processes to create instructive materials to help people learn new concepts. Forming MemoriesMemory is a major topic of interest in the field of cognitive psychology. How we remember, what we remember, and what we forget reveal a great deal about how cognitive processes operate. While people often think of memory as being much like a video camera—carefully recording, cataloging, and storing life events away for later recall—research has found that memory is much more complex. Making DecisionsWhenever people make any type of a decision, it involves making judgments about things they have processed. This might involve comparing new information to prior knowledge, integrating new information into existing ideas, or even replacing old knowledge with new knowledge before making a choice. Why We Make Bad Decisions Impact of CognitionOur cognitive processes have a wide-ranging impact that influences everything from our daily life to our overall health. Perceiving the WorldAs you take in sensations from the world around you, the information that you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell must first be transformed into signals that the brain can understand. The perceptual process allows you to take in this sensory information and convert it into a signal that your brain can recognize and act upon. Forming ImpressionsThe world is full of an endless number of sensory experiences. To make meaning out of all this incoming information, it is important for the brain to be able to capture the fundamentals. Events are reduced to only the critical concepts and ideas that we need. Filling in the GapsIn addition to reducing information to make it more memorable and understandable, people also elaborate on these memories as they reconstruct them. In some cases, this elaboration happens when people are struggling to remember something. When the information cannot be recalled, the brain sometimes fills in the missing data with whatever seems to fit. Interacting With the WorldCognition involves not only the things that go on inside our heads but also how these thoughts and mental processes influence our actions. Our attention to the world around us, memories of past events, understanding of language, judgments about how the world works, and abilities to solve problems all contribute to how we behave and interact with our surrounding environment. Tips for Improving CognitionCognitive processes are influenced by a range of factors, including genetics and experiences. While you cannot change your genes or age, there are things that you can do to protect and maximize your cognitive abilities: What is the study of how we process store and retrieve information?Cognitive psychology--the study of how people think and process information--helps researchers understand the human brain. It also allows psychologists to help people deal with psychological difficulties.
Which perspective is concerned with the scientific study of the ways people encode store and retrieve information?The Cognitive Perspective
The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of memory, perception and attention, language, decision-making and problem-solving. This approach often compares the human mind to that of a computer. It states that human memory is comprised of three stages: Encoding: Information is received.
Which perspective focuses on how we encode process store and retrieve information group of answer choices?Terms in this set (38). behaviorism. focuses on how we learned observable responses.. cognitive. focuses on how we encode, process, store, & retrieve information.. functionalism. ... . applied research. ... . humanistic. ... . gestalt. ... . positive psychology. ... . psychoanalysis.. Which school of psychology was focused on how behavior and mental processes help us adapt to our environment?Functionalism - a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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