Which of the following best describes the anxiety associated with a panic disorder?
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1) An anxiety disorder is: Show
2) Which of the following are common aspects of co-morbidity in anxiety disorders? 3) Specific phobias are defined as: 4) In phobia individuals acquire a strong set of phobic beliefs which: 5) Psychodynamic theory as developed by Freud saw phobias as: 6) In the famous “Little Albert” study by Watson & Rayner, they attempted to condition in him, a fear of his pet white rat. This was done by: 7) According to conditioning theory Incubation is a phenomenon that should lead to: 8) Which of the following is a predominant evolutionary theory of phobias?: 9) Recent evidence suggests that at least some phobias are closely associated with the emotion of: 10) The disease-avoidance model of animal phobias (Matchett & Davey, 1991) is supported by which of the following? 11) One important issue in therapy for specific phobias is to address: 12) Some of the defining features of Social phobia are described in DSM-IV-TR as: 13) It is considered that successful CBT treatments of social phobia include elements of the following: 14) Which of the following is a Drug treatment for social phobia: 15) Which of the following physical symptoms are associated with Panic attacks: 16) A common feature of panic attacks is Hyperventilation and it is due to: 17) Sensitivity to increases in CO2 have been suggested as a risk factor for panic disorder (Papp, Klein & Gorman, 1993), and have given rise to what are known as “suffocation alarm theories” of panic disorder where increased CO2 intake may: 18) In panic disorder anxiety sensitivity refers to: 19) Clark's (1986, 1988) theory of Catastrophic Misinterpretation of Bodily Sensations suggests that individuals: 20) Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a pervasive condition in which the sufferer experiences: 21) Pathological and chronic worrying is the cardinal diagnostic feature of GAD, but it may also be accompanied by physical symptoms such as: 22) Individuals suffering with Generalised Anxiety Disorder, have a series of information processing biases which appear to maintain hyper-vigilance for threat, create further sources for worry, and maintain anxiety. Which of the following are examples of such biases? 23) Stimulus Control Treatment for Generalised Anxiety Disorder involves: 24) Treatment for GAD involves Cognitive restructuring. This involves : 25) In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) compulsions are generally thought to be which of the following: 26) In OCD one of the most important dysfunctional beliefs has been defined as inflated responsibility. This is: 27) Mood is considered to have a role in perseverative psychopathologies such as OCD. One such account is the Mood as input hypothesis, which suggests that OCD suffers persevere with their compulsive activities because: 28) The most common, and perhaps the most successful, treatment for OCD is exposure and ritual prevention. One such treatment is imaginal exposure. For example, for someone with compulsive washing, this involves: 29) Sometimes as a last resort Neurosurgery has become an intervention in OCD. The most common procedure is: 30) Which of the following is considered to be a symptom of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety and panic at certain times. It's a natural response to stressful or dangerous situations. But someone
with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason. Anxiety is a feeling of unease. It can range from mild to severe, and can include feelings of worry and fear. Panic is the most severe form of anxiety. You may start to avoid certain situations because you fear
they'll trigger another attack. This can create a cycle of living "in fear of fear". It can add to your sense of panic and may cause you to have more attacks. During a panic attack you get a rush of intense mental and physical symptoms. It can come on very quickly and for no apparent reason. A panic attack can be very frightening and distressing. Symptoms include: Most panic attacks last between 5 and 20 minutes. Some have been reported to last up to an hour. The number
of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week. Although panic attacks are frightening, they're not dangerous. An attack will not cause you any physical harm, and it's unlikely you'll be admitted to hospital if you have one. Be aware that most of these symptoms can also be symptoms of other conditions or problems, so you may
not always be experiencing a panic attack. For example, you may have a racing heartbeat if you have very low blood pressure. When to get helpSee a GP if you've been experiencing symptoms of panic disorder. They'll ask you to describe your symptoms, how often you get them, and how long you have had them. They may also carry out a physical examination to rule out other conditions that could be causing your symptoms. It can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed. You may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. Treatments for panic disorderTreatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms. Talking therapies and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms. Psychological therapiesYou can refer yourself directly to a psychological therapies service for treatment based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Find a psychological therapies service (England only) If you prefer, you can see a GP and they can refer you. Your therapist may discuss with you how you react when you have a panic attack and what you think about. They can teach you ways of changing your behaviour to help you keep calm during an attack. You may need to see your GP regularly while you're having CBT so they can assess your progress. MedicineIf you and your doctor think it might be helpful, you may be prescribed:
Antidepressants can take 2 to 4 weeks before they start to work, and up to 8 weeks to work fully. Keep taking your medicines, even if you feel they're not working, and only stop taking them if your GP advises you to do so. Referral to a specialistIf your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist such as a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. The specialist will carry out an assessment and devise a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms. Video: Psychological therapies for stress, anxiety and depressionAnimated video explaining self-referral to psychological therapies services for stress, anxiety or depression. Media last reviewed: 14 March 2022 Things you can try yourselfWhat to do during a panic attackThe next time you feel a panic attack coming on:
Preventing a further attackIt may help to:
For more help, read how to deal with panic attacks. Support groupsPanic disorder can have a big impact on your life, but support is available. It might help to speak to other people with the same condition, or to connect with a charity. You may find the following links useful:
Ask your GP about support groups for panic disorder near you. Find anxiety services in your area Complications of panic disorderPanic disorder is treatable and you can make a full recovery. But it's best to get medical help as soon as you can. If you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with. You're more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as agoraphobia or other phobias, or an alcohol or drug problem. Having panic disorder may affect your ability to drive. The law requires you to inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) about a medical condition that could impact your driving ability. Visit GOV.UK for further information about driving with a disability or health condition. CausesAs with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it's thought to be linked to a combination of things, including:
Panic disorder in childrenPanic disorder is more common in teenagers than in younger children. Panic attacks can be particularly hard for children and young people to deal with. Severe panic disorder may affect their development and learning. If your child has the signs and symptoms of panic disorder, they should see a GP. After taking a detailed medical history the GP will carry out a thorough physical examination to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms. They may refer your child to a specialist for further assessment and treatment. The specialist may recommend a course of CBT for your child. Screening for other anxiety disorders may also be needed to help find the cause of your child's panic attacks. Read more about anxiety disorders in children or find out about mental health services for children and young people. Which of the following best describes anxiety?The American Psychological Association (APA) defines anxiety as “an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure.”
Which of the following best describes generalized anxiety disorder?Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about a number of different things. People with GAD may anticipate disaster and may be overly concerned about money, health, family, work, or other issues.
Is it possible to live with anxiety?Outside of therapy, patients with anxiety can learn to live with it by using relaxation techniques, by changing negative thoughts, and by making positive changes to reduce stress. Also important to living with generalized anxiety is being socially engaged and taking time for healthy self-care.
What is a notable complication of panic disorder?Agoraphobia is a complication of panic disorder. The word means "fear of open spaces," but agoraphobia actually involves fear and avoidance of situations in which the person particularly fears having a panic attack.
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