Which perspective emphasizes how thinking processes qualitatively change over time?
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Humanistic ApproachSaul McLeod, updated 2020 Humanistic, humanism and humanist are terms in psychology relating to an approach which studies the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual. Essentially, these terms refer to the same approach in psychology.
The humanistic approach in psychology developed as a rebellion against what some psychologists saw as the limitations of the behaviorist and psychodynamic psychology. The humanistic approach is thus often called the “third force” in psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviorism (Maslow, 1968). Humanism rejected the assumptions of the behaviorist perspective which is characterized as deterministic, focused on reinforcement of stimulus-response behavior and heavily dependent on animal research. Humanistic psychology also rejected the psychodynamic approach because it is also deterministic, with
unconscious irrational and instinctive forces determining human thought and behavior. Both behaviorism and psychoanalysis are regarded as dehumanizing by humanistic psychologists. Humanistic psychology expanded its influence throughout the 1970s and the 1980s. Its impact can be understood in terms of three major areas:
Basic AssumptionsHumanistic psychology begins with the existential assumption that people have free will:Personal agency is the humanistic term for the exercise of free will. Personal agency refers to the choices we make in life, the paths we go down and their consequences. People are basically good, and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better:The humanistic approach emphasizes the personal worth of the individual, the centrality of human values, and the creative, active nature of human beings. The approach is optimistic and focuses on the noble human capacity to overcome hardship, pain and despair. People are motivated to self-actualize:Self-actualization concerns psychological growth, fulfillment and satisfaction in life. Both Rogers and Maslow regarded personal growth and fulfillment in life as a basic human motive. This means that each person, in different ways, seeks to grow psychologically and continuously enhance themselves. However, Rogers and Maslow both describe different ways of how self-actualization can be achieved. The subjective, conscious experiences of the individual is most important:Humanistic psychologists argue that objective reality is less important than a person's subjective perception and understanding of the world. Sometimes the humanistic approach is called phenomenological. This means that personality is studied from the point of view of the individual’s subjective experience. For Rogers the focus of psychology is not behavior (Skinner), the unconscious (Freud), thinking (Wundt) or the human brain but how individuals perceive and interpret events. Rogers is therefore important because he redirected psychology towards the study of the self. Humanism rejects scientific methodology:Rogers and Maslow placed little value on scientific psychology, especially the use of the psychology laboratory to investigate both human and animal behavior. Humanism rejects scientific methodology like experiments and typically uses qualitative research methods. For example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured observations. Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and to find out, in depth, the ways in which people think or feel (e.g. case studies). The way to really understand other people is to sit down and talk with them, share their experiences and be open to their feelings. Humanism rejected comparative psychology (the study of animals) because it does not tell us anything about the unique properties of human beings:Humanism views human beings as fundamentally different from other animals, mainly because humans are conscious beings capable of thought, reason and language. For humanistic psychologists’ research on animals, such as rats, pigeons, or monkeys held little value. Research on such animals can tell us, so they argued, very little about human thought, behavior and experience. History of Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic Approach SummaryMethodology / Studies Methodology / StudiesBasic Assumptions Humans have free will; not all behavior is determined. All individuals are unique and are motivated to achieve their potential. A proper understanding of human behavior can only be achieved by studying humans - not animals. Psychology should study the individual case (idiographic) rather than the average performance of groups (nomothetic). Strengths Shifted the focus of behavior to the individual / whole person rather than the unconscious mind, genes, observable behavior etc. Real life applications (e.g., therapy) Humanistic psychology satisfies most people's idea of what being human means because it values personal ideals and self-fulfillment. Qualitative data gives genuine insight and more holistic information into behavior. Highlights the value of more individualistic and idiographic methods of study. Limitations Ignores biology (e.g., testosterone) Unscientific – subjective concepts, which are difficult to tes. Behaviorism – human and animal behavior can be compared Ethnocentric (biased towards Western culture) Humanism – can’t compare animals to humans Their belief in free will is in opposition to the deterministic laws of science. Issues and DebatesFree will vs DeterminismIt is the only approach that explicitly states that people have free will, but its position on this topic is somewhat incoherent as on one hand it argues that people have free will. However, on the other hand it argues that our behavior is determined by the way other people treat us (whether we feel that we are valued and respected without reservation by those around us). Nature vs NurtureThe approach recognises both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a person’s ways of perceiving and understanding the world, nature- influence of biological drives and needs (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). Holism vs ReductionismThe approach is holistic as it does not try to break down behaviors in simpler components. Idiographic vs NomotheticAs this approach views the individual as unique it does not attempt to establish universal laws about the causes of behavior, it is an idiographic approach. Are the research methods used scientific?As the approach views the individual as unique it does not believe that scientific measurements of their behavior are appropriate. Critical EvaluationThe humanistic approach has been applied to relatively few areas of psychology compared to the other approaches. Therefore, its contributions are limited to areas such as therapy, abnormality, motivation and personality. Client-centred therapy is widely used in health, social work and industry. This therapy has helped many people overcome difficulties they face in life, which is a significant contribution to improving people’s quality of life. A possible reason for this lack of impact on academic psychology perhaps lies with the fact that humanism deliberately adopts a non-scientific approach to studying humans. Humanistic psychologists rejected a rigorous scientific approach to psychology because they saw it as dehumanizing and unable to capture the richness of conscious experience. As would be expected of an approach that is ‘anti-scientific’, humanistic psychology is short on empirical evidence. The approach includes untestable concepts, such as ‘self-actualisation’ and ‘congruence’. However, Rogers did attempt to introduce more rigour into his work by developing Q-sort – an objective measure of progress in therapy. In many ways, the rejection of scientific psychology in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was a backlash to the dominance of the behaviorist approach in North American psychology. For example, their belief in free-will is in direct opposition to the deterministic laws of science. Another limitation is the humanistic approach is that it is ethnocentric. Many of the ideas that are central to humanistic psychology, such as individual freedom, autonomy and personal growth, would be more readily associated with individualistic cultures in the Western world such as the US. Collectivist cultures such as India, which emphasise the needs of the group and interdependence, may not identify so easily with the ideals and values of humanistic psychology. Therefore, it is possible that the approach would not travel well and is a product of the cultural context within which it was developed and an emic approach is more appropriate. It proposes a positive view of human nature, however, it could be argued that this might not be very realistic when considering the everyday reality such as domestic violence and genocides. Furthermore, the approach’s focus on meeting our needs and fulfilling our growth potential reflects an individualistic, self-obsessed outlook that is part of the problem faced by our society rather than a solution. Also, the areas investigated by humanism, such as consciousness and emotion are very difficult to scientifically study. The outcome of such scientific limitations means that there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the key theories of the approach. However, the flip side to this is that humanism can gain a better insight into an individual's behavior through the use of qualitative methods, such as unstructured interviews. The approach also helped to provide a more holistic view of human behavior, in contrast to the reductionist position of science. How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2015, December 14). Humanism. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html APA Style ReferencesMaslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-96. Rogers, C. R. (1946). Significant aspects of client-centered therapy. American Psychologist, 1, 415-422. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand. Rogers, C. R. (1946). Significant aspects of client-centered therapy. American Psychologist 1, 415-422. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw Hill. How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2015, December 14). Humanism. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. © Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved What is humanistic perspective psychology?The humanistic perspective is a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person. It is a branch of psychology that relates to the idea of being entirely unique and your own individual.
What is the contextual perspective?Contextual Perspectives: A Broad Approach to Development. The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds. It also examines socio-cultural and environmental influences on development.
What is humanistic perspective of development?The humanistic perspective focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, and humanistic theorists focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential. Abraham Maslow proposed that an individual is motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
What is humanistic thinking?Humanistic thinking encourages us to think more from the perspective of: what we want than what we don't want; what works than what doesn't; assets and human potential than deficits and constraints.
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