Which type of observations should be used in science?

Transcript

When conducting scientific experiments, observations are made through our senses. If you’re conducting a scientific experiment, you notice or observe what’s going on through your senses. Now, this is usually going to be with your sense of sight, but, depending on the experiment, you may be able to incorporate your other senses.

That’s what it means to observe during a scientific experiment. It means to notice what’s going on through your senses, but, more specifically, we can define observation as the act of knowing and recording something.

This has to do with both the act of knowing what’s going on, and then recording what happened. It’s important for a scientist to record what goes on during the experiment, so the experiment doesn’t have to be conducted over and over and over again.

To use this definition of observation, we could say that the scientist is observing what’s going on in the experiment. The scientist is noticing what’s going on through his/her senses, and then the scientist is recording what happened.

Now, the second definition of observation is the results or record of such notation. We don’t use this definition of observation while the experiment is taking place. We would use this definition of observation, as in, “Let’s take a look at the observations the scientists made.”

This is what happens after the experiment is finished and people go back and look at the observations made by the scientists. This is more of a noun. The observations were made by the scientists.

Again, one definition is the act of noting and recording something, and then the second definition is the results or record of such notation.

295845

We typically think of observations as having been seen “with our own eyes.” But in science, observations can take many forms. Of course, we can make observations directly by seeing, feeling, hearing, and smelling, but we can also extend and refine our basic senses with tools: thermometers, microscopes, telescopes, radar, radiation sensors, X-ray crystallography, fMRI machines, mass spectroscopy, etc. And these tools do a better job of observing than we can! Further, humans cannot directly sense many of the phenomena that science investigates: No amount of staring at this computer screen will ever let you see the atoms that make it up or the UV radiation that it emits. In such cases, we must rely on indirect observations facilitated by tools. Through these tools, we can make many more observations much more precisely than those our basic senses are equipped to handle.

Observations yield what scientists call data. Whether the observation is an experimental result, radiation measurements taken from an orbiting satellite, an infrared recording of a volcanic eruption, or just noticing that a certain bird species always thumps the ground with its foot while foraging — they’re all data. Scientists analyze and interpret data in order to figure out how those data inform their hypotheses and theories. Do they support one idea over others, help refute an idea, or suggest an entirely new explanation? Though data may seem complex and be represented by detailed graphs or complex statistical analyses, it’s important to remember that, at the most basic level, they are simply observations.

Observations inspire, lend support to, and help refute scientific hypotheses and theories. However, theories and hypotheses (the fundamental structures of scientific knowledge) cannot be directly read off of nature. A falling ball (no matter how detailed our observations of it may be) does not directly tell us how gravity works, and collecting observations of all the different finch species of the Galapagos Islands does not directly tell us how their beaks evolved. Scientific knowledge is built as people come up with hypotheses and theories, repeatedly test them against observations of the natural world, and continue to refine those explanations based on new ideas and observations. Observations are essential to the process of science, but they are only part of the picture.