Who developed the theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth?

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow. However, Rogers (1959) added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood).

Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water.

Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals, wishes, and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place.

This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology, and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied.

What is Humanism?

Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual. Humanistic psychology begins with the existential assumptions that people have free will and are motivated to acheive their potential and self-actualize.

Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept.  This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself."

The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a person.  The self is our inner personality, and can be likened to the soul, or Freud's psyche.  The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences.  Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others.

According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self.  The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. 

A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image.

The humanistic approach states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three components:

Self-worth (or self-esteem) comprises what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father.

How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality.

At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world.

This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever changing.

QuestionAnswer behavior and mental process psychology what roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? Wundt used the scientific method to study the fundamental psychological process. mental reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli. who promoted the belief that psychology should be studied as a seperate entitity? Wundt who opened the first research laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig? Wundt structionalism, welcomed women into his graduate program Thichtner became the first major school of thought in psychology, study of the most basic components or structure of conscious experience structionalism even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures or parts of sensation or feelings structionalism opened a new school of psychology called functionalism William James stresses the importance on how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their enviroment functionalism examines how psychology applies to education, early childhood and work enviroment functionalism expanded the scope of psychology research to include observation of living creatures in natural enviroment functionalism introspection structionalism (thitchner) origin of species charles darwin founded the first psychology school in the u.s. at John Hopkins University in 1883. (APA) G stanley hall established a psychological laboratory in Wellesley College Mary Whitkons Calkins helped create a strong psychological program at Howard University, first black American to receive phd in psychology Francis Sumner pavlov and watson founded the school of behavoirism pavlov, watson and skinner behavoirism personality theory, form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavoir psychoanalysis study of observable behavoirs not mental processes behavoirism challanged principles of both structionalism and functionalism Sigmund Freud developed a theory of personality based on uncovering causes of behavior that were unconscious or hidden from the persons conscious awareness Sigmund Freud school of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality school of psychoanalysis believed that when unconscious conflicts became extreme, psychological disorders could result Sigmund Freud school of psychology and theoretical viewpoints that emphasize each persons unique potential for psychological growth and self directions humanistic psychology the most influential psychologist of the 2oth century skinner two leaders in the development of humanistic psychology Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow referred to as the third force Humanistic psychology humanistic psychology was founded by Carl Rogers instead of emphasizing on unconscious conflicts, he emphasized the conscious experience of pt's self directions and unique potential for psychological growth Carl Rogers emphasized self determination, free-will and importance of choice in human behavoir Carl Rogers developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth Abraham Maslow What are the perspectives in psychology? Biological, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, positive psychology, cognitive, cross-cultural, and evolutionary. studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including, nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and genetics Biological Perspective refers to the study of the nervous system Neuroscience emphasizes on the importance of unconscious influence and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior in treating people with psychological problems psychodynamic perspective study how behavior is acquired or modified by enviromental causes behavioral perspective influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept and importance of choice and self direction in striving to reach ones potential humanistic perspective emphasis on psycological growth and human potential, contributed to emergence of new perspective. study of positive emotions and psychological states positive psychological perspective personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom positive psychological perspective personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom cognitive revolution how people process, remember information, develop language, solve problems and think cognitive perspective studying the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries cross-cultural perspective common behaviors are not always universal cross-cultural perspective work harder in a group than when alone social striving less effort as the size of the group increases social loafing application of principles of evolution, natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena evolutionary psychology the belief that ones own culture is superior than others ethnocentrism culture that emphasize needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group individualistic cultures culture that emphasize the needs and goals of the group collectivistic cultures biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, educational, experimental, developmental, forensic, health, industrial/organizational, personality, rehabilitation, social sports, military specialty areas in psychology studies the relationship between psychological processes and the bodys physical system, including the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, immune and genetics biological biopsychology/physiological psychology biological psychology studies the causes, dx, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders. anxiety, mood, eating clinical psychology investigates mental, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery and language cognitive psychology helps people adjust, adapt, cope counseling psychology studies how people of all ages learn, develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in educational and work setting educational psychology used to describe research on basic subjects,like sensory, perceptual, learning, emotion, motivation experimental psychology studies physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages/stages of lifespan developmental psychology techniques used in legal issues,assesement, treatment of offenders,mental, competency to stand trial, custody, jury selection forensic psychology focuses on role of psychological factors in development, prevention, treatment of illness health psychology people/work relationship. job analysis, personel selection and training industrial/organizational psychology studies the nature of human personality, individual differences, characteristics of each person personality psychology helping peoplew/chronic health conditions adapt to their situation rehabilitation psychology explores how people are affected by their social enviroment social psychology uses theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation sports psychology idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experience interactive dualism what are the four basic goals of psychology? describe, explain, predict, conrol/influence behavior and mental process. what is the scientific method? set of assumptions to guide researchersin creating a question to investigate, generate evidence in drawing a conclusion what are the characteristic of the scientific method? formulate question, desing a study/collect data, analyze data/arrive conclusion, report results verifiable evidence, based on observation, measurement or experiment empirical evidence factor that can vary or change in a way that can be observed, measured and verified variable active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining conclusion and considering explination critical thinking researchers study/observe behavior in its natural setting naturalistic observation combining results of many research studies meta-analysis systematicallly observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behavior and events descriptive research method fake/false science that makes claims based on little or no evidence pseudoscience intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals case study show strongly two factors are related correlational studies numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors correlational coefficient one in which two factors vary in the same direction positive correlation selected sample that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics representative studies process in wich subjects are selected randomly from a larger group, every group member has an equal chance of being included random selection extraneous variable also called confounding variable method of investigation used to demonstrate cause/effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor experimental method purposely manipulated factor, thought to produce change in the experiment, also called treatment variable independent variable factor that is observed and measured for change, thought to be influenced by the independent variable also called outcome variablle dependent variable factor other than one being studied that if not controlled could affect the outcome of the experiment extraneous variable group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent varialble experimental group finding that two factors vary in opposite directions. one increases as the other decreases negative correlation assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the studdy random assignment an expiremental control in wich neither the participant nor the researcher are aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned double blind technique cues or signals given by the researcher demand characteristics any change in performance that results from repetition of task practice effect any change that can be directly attributed to the independent or treatment variable after controlling for other possible influences main effect group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable. the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared control group/control condition branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species comparitive psychology interactive dualism renee descartes biology, genetic, dna nature enviroment nurture

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