CUPS is the software you use to print from applications like word processors, email readers, photo editors, and web browsers. It converts the page descriptions produced by your application [such as where to put a paragraph or where to draw a line] into something your printer can understand and then sends the information to the printer for printing.
Since every printer manufacturer does things differently, printing can be very complicated. CUPS does its best to hide this from you and your application so that you can concentrate on printing and less on how to print. Generally, the only time you need to know anything about your printer is when you use it for the first time, and even then CUPS can often figure things out on its own.
The first time you print to a printer, CUPS creates a queue to keep track of the current status of the printer [everything OK, out of paper, etc.] and any pages you have printed. Most of the time the queue points to a printer connected directly to your computer by means of a USB port. However, it can also point to a printer on your network, a printer on the Internet, or multiple printers depending on the configuration. Regardless of where the queue points, it will look like any other printer to you and your applications.
Every time you print something, CUPS creates a job which contains the queue you are sending the print to, the name of the document you are printing, and the page descriptions. Job are numbered [queue-1, queue-2, and so forth] so you can monitor the job as it is printed or cancel it if you see a mistake. When CUPS gets a job for printing, it determines the best programs [filters, printer drivers, port monitors, and backends] to convert the pages into a printable format and then runs them to actually print the job.
When the print job is completely printed, CUPS removes the job from the queue and moves on to any other jobs you have submitted. You can also be notified when the job is finished, or if there are any errors during printing, in several different ways.
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