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What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous
Heteronomous thinkers believe that rules are:
unchangeable.
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.
True
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as:
inconsistent.
development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
moral
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
4 to 7 years of age
heteronomous morality
7 to 10 years of age
transition between the two stages
10 years of age and older
autonomous morality
is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
Immanent justice
According to Kohlberg, in ______ reasoning, individuals decide on a moral code.
postconventional
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
Authoritarian
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.
are less egocentric
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was:
Kohlberg.
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Carol Gilligan's perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is sometimes described as "What's in it for me?"
Preconventional reasoning
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children
True
What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and his or her moral performance?
Social cognitive theory
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's perspective of moral development and argued for a[n] perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
Blank 1: justice
Blank 2: care
According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior.
guilt
According to Darcia Narváez, mature moral individuals engage in which of the following? [Select all that apply]
Moral self-reflection
Moral metacognition
Moral self-monitoring
Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
performance
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.
Social domain theory
Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?
proactive strategies
conversational dialogue
relational
quality
What are the two main components of the superego?
Ego ideal and conscience
Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a[n] curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.
hidden
individuals have a moral when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?
Social domain
Although finances are tight, William contributes 10 percent of his income to his church monthly. This is an act of:
altruism.
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does NOT contribute to a child's moral development?
reactive strategies
Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? [Select all that apply]
It puts abstract principles above
relationships.
It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions.
It is based on a male norm.
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called:
forgiveness.
Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics
sustaining climates
A person with ______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.
a moral identity
______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.
Reciprocity
Children with serious conduct problems tend to show a[n] ______ pattern of behavior and are often impulsive, overactive, and aggressive.
externalizing
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.
gratitude
______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.
Juvenile delinquency
Thirteen-year-old Rilie sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Rilie would most likely be diagnosed with:
conduct disorder.
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on:
self-fulfillment and material gain.
In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, play the primary role, and provide role-taking opportunities.
Blank 1: peers
Blank 2: parents or parent
______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.
Religion; religiousness
Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.
sustaining climates
The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
juvenile delinquent
Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their:
parents.
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are:
values.
According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.
more
Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?
relational quality
conversational dialogue
proactive strategies
As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults:
may begin to question their own religious beliefs.
______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Spirituality
Religion and coping focus on -making coping.
meaning
The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following EXCEPT:
explicit moral instruction
Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives?
Need for a sense of efficacy
Need for purpose
Need for values
Need for self-worth
If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during
adolescence.
Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?
More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness.
Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age.
Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age.
Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in development.
cognitive
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding religion and coping?
Religiousness impairs effective coping.
Need for purpose
matches
present events draw meaning from their connection with future events; divided into goals and fulfillments
Need for values
can lend a sense of goodness to life and justifies certain courses of action; enables people to decide whether certain acts are right or wrong
Need for sense of efficacy
matches
belief that one can make difference
Need for self-worth
\individual needs to be a good person; feeling that one is good at doing something or self-esteem derived from group belonging
hich of the following is LEAST likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents?
Media and school
What is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state?
Perspective taking
____ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this state, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous
What are the two levels in Kohlberg's post-conventional level of moral reasoning?
Universal ethical
principles
Social contract or utility and individual rights
Moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in term of rewards and punishments
Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning
Moral judgements are based on law and social order
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning
Moral ___ is when moral notions and commitments are central to their life
Identity
____ refers to age inappopriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards and the personal or property rights of others
Conduct disorder
The social cognitive theory of morality emphasized a distinction between an individual's moral _____ and moral _____
Competence and performance
What are the two many components of the superego?
Ego ideal and conscience
What are the two stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning
1.Social systems morality
2.Mutual interpersonal expectations,
relationships and interpersonal conformity
What are the two stages of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?
1.Individual rights
2.Universal ethical principles
Proponents of ____ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong
Character education
Children at the ____ stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people
Heteronomous
Which of the following are the two stages in Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning
1. Heteronomous morality, or punishment and obedience
orientation
2. Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
____ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
Moral
What term involved responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?
Empathy
In which way did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
Carol Gilligan's _____ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others and concern for others.
Care
____ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.
Reciprocity
Kohlberg argued that: _____ are the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages
Peer interaction
Perspective taking
Experience in dealing wit moral questions
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ____ stage
Heteronomous
_____ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance
Service learning
Theorist Damon emphasizes the role of empathy in moral development with _______ and _____
Positive and negative
What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory?
Superego
Researchers have focused attention on which three possible components of moral personality
Moral character
Moral identity
Moral exemplars
...
parental
discipline
Relationshional qualityi
Proactiv estrategies
Conversational dialog
____ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal
Juvenile delinquency
Volunteering and ____ behavior have been linked to strengthening of the immune system
Altruistic
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is:
Not as important as peer relations
Researchers have defined moral ____ as consisting of moral identity, moral character and moral exemplars
Personality
What are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
1. He didn't adequately take the influences of culture and family into account
2. He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior
3. There is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
Carol Gilligan question Lawrence Kohlberg's ___ perspective of moral development and argued for a care perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
Justice
An increasing number of studies have shown that ____ can have a strong influence on delinquincy
Siblings
According to Frued, two moral devices help the superego enforce moral behavior. The ____ rewards children, whereas the ___ punishes children.
Ego
ideal
Conscience
Moral ___ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.
Performance
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow inevitably. This is a belief in:
Immanent justice
___ therapy is often effective in reducing delinquency
Family
What factors influence moral decisions made by individuals?
Punishment
Reinforcement
Imitation
According to the Pittsburgh Youth Study, what are three developmental pathways to delinquency?
Authority conflict
Covert acts
Overt aggressive
acts
Prosocial behavior includes ___ and ____, the ability to be thankful and appreciative.
Forgiveness, gratitude
Moral ____ is another way to provide moral education, helping people to see and understand what their lives mean and what is worth working for
Clarification
What type of reasoning is arbitrary and focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
Social conventional
Moral ____ are people who have moral personalities, identity, character and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and committment
Exemplars
Most schools don't have a plan for moral education, they provide moral education through a ____, or a moral atmosphere
Hidden curriculum
The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior is ___ and ____
Kindness and consideration
Melissa and Andrea went to Peru with their parents to help build a school for local villagers. They participated in:
Service learning
Nicolehad the opportunity to cheat on her math exam, however she had the ability to resist temptation and exercise _____
Self-control
___ percent of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency
Two percent
____ behaviors or conduct disorders are much more common in males than in females
Antiscocial
Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high ___
Self contempt, self esteem, identity strength, self perception
self esteem
"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- ______.
Restraint, concept, reliance, control
concept
According to Bandura, the concept of _____ -_______ is the belief the one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
self efficacy
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He performed natural observation, the interview children giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve, he did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preference, he did correlational research
the interview children giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation:
1.preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
A.moral judgements are based on law and social order
B. moral judgements are based on
universal human rights
C. moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments
1.c
2.a
3. b
According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by _____ internalization
Full, intermediate, partial, no
no
_____ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional, unconventional
preconventional
_____ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning includes two stages: interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity is one and _____ _____ morality is the other.
social systems
Which of the following are the two levels in Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?
Universal ethical principles, individualism/instrumental purpose/and exchange, social contract or utility and individual rights, heteronomous morality
universal ethical principles, social contract or utility and individual rights
In the _____ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
domain
The study of _____ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development.
Universal, conventional, justice-seeking, prosocial
prosocial
Five year old Billy should like to rough house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender ____
Concepts, stereotypes, regulations, androgyny
stereotypes
Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat
Three times, half, twice, four times
twice
Research has revealed ____ gender differences in general intellectual ability,
No, some, significant, specific
no
Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?
Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys, boys are more likely to show less self regulation than girls, girls are more likely to show less self-regulation than boys, girls are better at decoding emotions than boys
Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys, boys are more likely to show less self regulation than girls, girls are better at decoding emotions than boys
The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is called ____
Moral identity, androgyny, asexuality, the "sensitive male"
androgyny
When males are told they should show little if any emotion and should act tough they are describing William Pollack's description of the ____ code
Boy, strong, man, gender
boy
One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self regulate, which is the ability to _____
Globally evaluate myself, manage my behavior/emotions/thoughts, make domain-specific evaluations of the self, genuinely empathize with others
manage my behavior/emotions/thoughts
Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and alte childhood?
Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation, children in elementary school have an increase understanding of complex emotions, children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions, children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy
Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
_____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
postconventional
Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors are the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages
Perspective taking, direct
instruction from parents, experience in dealing with moral questions, peer interaction
perspective taking, experince in dealing with moral questions, peer interaction
What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior, there are not enough stages in his theory of moral development, his theory emphasizes relationships rather than abstract principles, his stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle and late childhood.
there is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior
True or false: Although kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.
true
In a[n] _____ stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.
blended
Which five peer statuses have been identified by researchers?
Popular, average, rejected, controversial, neglected, bullying, special
popular, average, rejected, controversial, neglected
In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers
popular
Peer bullying and harassment on the internet is known as _____
cyberbullying
Friendship among children is generally characterized by _____ in terms of age, sex, and race, among other factors. This is also true for adult friendships.
similarity
Which of the following structures are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?
Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls, girls are more likely to show less self-regulation than boys, girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys, girls are better at decoding emotions than boys
boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls, girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys, girls are better at decoding emotions than boys
True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person
true
Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account, he based the theory on hypothetical moral situations which is not the same as moral behavior, he developed eight stages of development across the life span and many think this is too few, he concerned himself too much with the care perspective
He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account, he based the theory on hypothetical moral situations which is not the same as moral behavior
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral ____ and not enough on moral _____
thought, behavior
True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures
true
Kohlberg argued that family processes are ____ in children's moral development
Essential, totally unimportant, essentially unimportant
essentially unimportant
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's ____ perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Regarding Gilligan's argument that Kohlberg's theory is based on male norm, what does recent research indicate regarding potential differences between boys and girls?
Girls' moral orientations are somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principles of justice, both girls and boys are more likely to focus on abstract principles of justice than on care for others, girls are very unlikely to utilize abstract principles of justice, boys are not likely to focus on care for others, veen when the situation calls for it
girls' moral orientations are somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principles of justice
Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are____
Arbitrary and can be changed by consensus, obligatory and can be changed by census, arbitrary and cannot be changed, obligatory and cannot be changed
arbitrary and can be changed by consnsus
According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
Postconventional reasoning, moral reasoning, preconventional reasoning, social conventional reasoning
social conventional reasoning
The care-perspective-versus-justice-perspective controversy illustrates that _____ identity may affect how people think about things
gender
Researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ____ [boys/girls] than with ____ [boys/girls].
boys, girls
Which gender views itself as more prosocial and empathic?
Both females and males, females, males, neither females or males
females
Which of the following are true regarding features of the brain in women and men?
The male brain has more fold and more surface brain tissue than the female brain, the female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain, there are no size differences between female and male brains, the male brain is smaller than the female brain, the female brain is smaller than the male brain.
the female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain, the female brain is smaller than the male brain
What has recent research into gender differences in math ability in the U.S. found?
There are no significant difference in math test scores for boys and girls, females score better than males on math tests in childhood and adolescence, although boys and girls score the same on math tests during childhood, adolescent males outscore
adolescent females, males score better than females on math tests in childhood and adolescence
there are no significant difference in math test scores for boys and girls
Aggression, emotion, and ___ behavior are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied
prosocial
Boys are consistently more ___ aggressive than girls
physically
Ten year old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of ____ ______.
relational aggression
studies report that there is ___ association between religious participation and longevity
a positive
heteronomous morality
is the first stage of Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning; individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange is the second
according to Frankl, the 3 most distinct human qualities are:
-responsibility
-freedom
-spirituality
a child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ___ morality stage
autonomous
moral development
involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning includes two stages: interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity is one; ___ ___ morality is the other
social systems
proponents of ___ ___ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong
character education
men consistently show ___ interest in religion compared to women
less
perspective taking
is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state
children at the ___ stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people
heteronomous
Kohlberg
developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels and six stages
the social cognitive theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral ___ and moral ___
competence; performance
moral branch of personality in psychoanalytic theory
superego
carol gilligan's ___ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
care
moral identity
is when moral notions and commitments are central to their life
responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as
empathy
social cognitive theory of morality
emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and moral performance
How did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
he interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ___ stage
heteronomous
Kohlberg argues these factors are the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages
-experience in dealing with moral questions
-perspective taking
-peer interaction
how many US states currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculum?
40
juvenile delinquency
refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal
researchers have focused attention on which 3 possible components of moral personality?
moral: character, identity, exemplars
volunteering and ___ behavior have been linked to strengthening of the immune system
altruistic
the major criticism of Kohlberg theory has been that:
there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
religion has been associated with adolescents':
-health
-emotional regulation
-social competence
Gilligan questions Kohlberg's ___ perspective of moral development and argued for a ___ perspective which view people in terms of their connectedness with others
justice; care
According to Freud, two moral devices help the superego enforce moral behavior. The ___ rewards children, whereas the ___ punishes children
ego ideal; conscience
young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow inevitably. this is a belief in:
immanent justice
researcher Garbarino found a ___ emptiness in young killers he interviewed
spiritual
family therapy
often effective reducing delinquency
what type of parenting style inhibits the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
authoritarian
according to kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is:
not as important as peer relations
an increasing number of studies have shown that ___ can have a strong influence on deliquency
siblings
behaviors that have been linked to health benefits for older adults
volunteering and altruistic acts
factors that may be the cause for deliquency
-heredity
-family experiences
-identity problems
moral clarification
is another way to provide moral education, helping people to see and understand what their lives meand and what is worth working for
moral performance
is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way
in kohlberg's and piaget's views of moral development ___ play the primary role, and ___ provide role-taking opportunities
peers; parents
qualities that researchers have used to evaluate childrens conscience development
whether a child:
-has awareness of right and wrong
-experiences discomfort after a transgression
-sensitive to rule violations
-experiences guilt
adolescence and emerging adulthood can question and select their own belief about religion because of the advanced ___ development
cognitive
factors that influence moral decision made by individuals
-punishment
-reinforcement
-imitation
___ and spiritual beliefs plays a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors
religion
religion
organized set of beliefs
religiousness
degree of affiliation with an organized religion
moral competence
include what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors
prosocial behavior includes ___ and _itude__ the ability to be thankful and appreciative
forgiveness; gratitude
moral exemplars
people who have moral personalities, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment
prosocial behavior is
caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling concern and empathy
religion and coping focus on ___-making coping involves drawing beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation
meaning
What is Moral Development?
o Involves changes in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
o When you have standard
of right/wrong it is socialized
- Intrapersonal dimension
o Regulates a person's activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction
- Interpersonal dimension
o Regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
- Concluded that children go through two distinct stages, separated by a transition period, in how they think about morality
-
Heteronomous mortality: The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring from 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, beyond the control of people.
- autonomous: The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children [about 10 years of age and older]. The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions
as well as the consequences.
- Immanent justice: Piaget's concept of the childhood expectation that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
o Level 1
- Pre-conventional morality
- Stage 1: Obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment
- Stage 2: Individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards
o
Level 2
- Conventional morality
- Stage 3: Interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval
- Stage 4: Authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order
o Level 3
- Post-conventional morality
- Stage 5 : Social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights
- Stage 6: Universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles
- First stages develop in all cultures but not the last four
Basic Processes of Moral Behavior
- Behavior is situationally dependent
o Although moral behavior is influenced by situation determinants, some children are more likely than others to cheat, lie and steal
- Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory
o Moral competencies include
" What individuals are capable of doing
" What they
know
" Their skills
" Their awareness of moral rules and regulations
" Their cognitive ability to construct behaviors
o Moral performance or behavior
" Is determined by motivation and rewards and incentives
Moral Feelings and Psychoanalytic Theory
- According to Freud, guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty are the foundation of moral behavior
- In Freud's theory, the superego is the
moral branch of personality
- Children fear losing their parent's love and being punished for their unacceptable sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
Empathy
- Positive Feelings, such as empathy contribute to the child's moral development
o Feeling empathy means reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings
o To empathize is not just to
sympathize; it is to put oneself in another's place emotionally
- Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy
Contemporary Perspective
" Child developmentalists' conclude that both positive and negative feelings contribute to children's moral development
" When strongly experienced, these emotions influence how children understand a moral situation in accord with standards of right or
wrong
" Moral personality
o Three aspects of moral personality:
" Moral identity: You are a person who never does...
" Moral character: How you will showcase things, The kind of characteristics you have
" Moral exemplars: Individuals who will showcase behavior who have internalized morality
Social Cognitive Domain Theory
- Judith Smetana has proposed this theory
- Children's and adolescents'
moral, social conventional and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
- States that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including:
o Moral, social conventional and personal domains
Parents, Peers and schools
- Piaget and Kohlberg held that parents do not provide unique or essential inputs to
children's moral development
o Parents are responsible for providing role-taking opportunities and cognitive challenges
o Peers play the primary role in moral development
- Research reveals that both parents and peers contribute to children's moral maturity
o Among the most important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to children's moral development are:
- Relational quality
- Parental discipline
- Proactive strategies
o Schools
-
Hidden curriculum- Dewey
- Recommendations for positive strategies
o Warm and supporting
o Explaining decisions
o Providing new opportunities to learn about different perspectives
o Invite child into family discussion of morality
Prosocial and antisocial behavior
- Prosocial behavior: Caring about the welfare and rights of others, feeling concern and empathy for them, and acting in a way that
benefits others are all components
- Altruism: an unselfish interest in helping another person
- Equality: means that everyone is treated the same
- Merit: means giving extra rewards for hard work, skillful performance, or other laudatory behavior
- Benevolence: means giving special consideration to individuals in a disadvantaged condition
- Antisocial behavior: Most children and adolescents at one time or another act out or do things that are destructive or troublesome for
themselves or others.
o Conduct disorder: Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others.
o Juvenile delinquency: Refers to a great variety of behaviors by an adolescent, ranging from unacceptable behavior to breaking the law.
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong are termed:
moral development.
conscience development.
religious devotion.
spiritual awakening
moral development.
What main method did Kohlberg use to evaluate moral reasoning?
interviews about personal moral behavior
interviews about moral dilemma stories
multisetting observation
standardized testing
interviews about moral dilemma stories
Which theory of morality emphasizes the distinction between individuals' ability to perform moral behavior and actual moral behavior in specific situations?
justice perspective
psychoanalytic
social convention
social cognitive
social cognitive
Control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends are examples of __________ issues.
moral
social conventional
personal
autonomous
personalpersonal
Recent studies show which of the following about the religiousness of college students?
upward trend in religious interest
downtrend in religious interest
upward trend in ultraconservative religions
downtrend in "alternative" community-based religions
downtrend in religious interest
In the contemporary perspective on moral development, what contributes to children's moral development?
parents' modeled standards and behaviors
biological predisposition
rewarding positive feelings and punishing negative feelings
extrinsic rewards and punishments
rewarding positive feelings and punishing negative feelings
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does a person understand that values and laws are relative, and that standards may vary person to person?
heteronomous morality
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
social systems morality
social contract or utility and individual rights
social contract or utility and individual rights
According to Kochanska and her colleagues [2002], young children:
do not feel guilt.
are aware of right and wrong.
indicate pleasure following doing something wrong.
do not have the capacity to show empathy toward others.
are aware of right and wrong.
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on:
family relationships.
environmental issues.
self-fulfillment and material gain.
global aide and travel.
self-fulfillment and material gain.
What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory?
superego
ego
id
conscience
superego
The care perspective on moral behavior emphasizes:
connectedness, interpersonal communication, and relationships.
the rights of the individual.
that individuals stand alone and independently make moral decisions.
social customs and conventions.
connectedness, interpersonal communication, and relationships.
Proponents of __________ believe that certain behaviors are wrong, and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.
a values clarification program
a hidden curriculum
character education
the social cognitive theory of morality
character education
Which of the following is true of adolescents' religious involvement?
Low religious involvement is correlated with stronger family relationships.
Lack of religious involvement triples the chance of an adolescent engaging in delinquent behaviors.
Religious adolescents have lower grades due to over-involvement with church activities.
Religious adolescents are almost three times as likely to engage in community service.
Religious adolescents are almost three times as likely to engage in community service.
The justice perspective on moral behavior focuses on:
universal ethics.
laws and punishment.
interpersonal communication, relationships, and connectedness.
the rights of the individual.
the rights of the individual
During what age period do children transition between Piaget's heteronomous and autonomous morality?
4 to 7 years
7 to 10 years
10 to 14 years
14 to 17 years
7 to 10 years
When children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and can judge action, by considering the actor's intentions as well as the consequences, they are displaying:
immanent justice.
homonomous morality.
heteronomous morality.
autonomous morality.
autonomous morality.
According to Victor Frankl, the three MOST distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and:
meaning.
spirituality.
religion.
faith.
spirituality.
Approximately what percentage of Americans said that they pray everyday [Pew Research Center, 2008]?
45%
58%
75%
90%
58%
Walter Mischel purports that self-control is strongly influenced by:
religious participation.
biological underpinnings.
cognitive factors.
temperament.
cognitive factors.
Which dimension of moral development regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict?
intrapersonal
interpersonal
community
cultural
interpersonal
Most people adopt the religious teachings of their upbringing. If a religious change or awakening does occur, it is MOST likely to happen during:
a mid-life crisis.
early adulthood.
adolescence.
late adulthood.
adolescence.
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are:
values.
schemas.
scripts.
priority concepts.
values.
Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and personal or property rights of others describe:
a conduct disorder.
juvenile delinquency.
power assertion.
ego-destruction.
a conduct disorder.
What percentage of juvenile delinquency cases involves males?
90%
65%
80%
40%
not: 65%
Compared to middle adulthood, religious interests __________ in late adulthood.
increase for men and decrease for women
increase for women and decrease for men
decrease for both men and women
increase for both men and women
increase for both men and women
According to Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to foster moral development than peer relations, because:
parents are inconsistent in delivering consequences for broken rules.
peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
parents hand down rules and punishment in an authoritarian way.
peers settle disagreements by instituting clear and immediate social sanctions.
parents hand down rules and punishment in an authoritarian way.
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the foundation of moral behavior?
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty
cognitive factors
self-regulation and self-worth
rewards and punishment
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty
Carol Gilligan's work on moral development has been criticized because:
the theory is not testable.
her predictions are only valid for females.
the "distinctive voice" concept is true only of females in middle age.
girls use both moral orientations, caring and justice, as needed.
not: the theory is not testable.
Situation-specific ethical behavior is known as:
autonomous reasoning.
moral competence.
moral performance.
heteronomous reasoning.
moral performance.
When children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world that are out of the control of people, they are displaying:
relativistic justice.
autonomous morality.
heteronomous morality.
homonomous morality
heteronomous morality.
An approach to moral instruction that encourages students to define their own principles and recognize the standards of others is called:
the hidden curriculum.
social convention identification.
moral education.
values clarification.
values clarification.
What are the two main components of the superego?
ego and id
ego ideal and conscience
guilt and motivation to avoid feeling guilty
sexual attraction and sexual repression
ego ideal and conscience
In the contemporary perspective on moral development, what contributes to children's moral development?
parents' modeled standards and behaviors
biological predisposition
rewarding positive feelings and punishing negative feelings
extrinsic rewards and punishments
rewarding positive feelings and punishing negative feelings