Which assessment findings are systemic manifestations of acute osteomyelitis
Lam K, van Asten SA, Nguyen T, La Fontaine J, Lavery LA. Diagnostic Accuracy of Probe to Bone to Detect Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63(7): 944-8. Show
Kremers, HM, et al., Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: a population-based study, 1969 to 2009. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015; 97(10): 837-45. Pineda C, Espinosa R, Pena A. Radiographic imaging in osteomyelitis: the role of plain radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and scintigraphy. Semin Plast Surg. 2009; 23(2): 80-9. Fritz JM, McDonald JR. Osteomyelitis: approach to diagnosis and treatment. Phys Sportsmed. 2008; 36(1): nihpa116823. Klenerman, L., A history of osteomyelitis from the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: 1948 TO 2006. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007; 89(5): 667-70. Zalavras CG, Patzakis MJ, Holtom P. Local antibiotic therapy in the treatment of open fractures and osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop. 2004;(427):86-93. Jude EB, Unsworth PF. Optimal treatment of infected diabetic foot ulcers. Drugs Aging 2004;21:833-50. Harden SP, Argent JD, Blaquiere RM. Painful sclerosis of the medical end of the clavicle. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:992-99. Saigal G. Azouz EM, Abdenour G. Imaging of osteomyelitis with special reference to children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2004;8:243-53. Arkun R. Parasitic and fungal diseases of bones and joints. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol.. 2004;8:231-42. Lazzarini L, Mader JT, Calhoun JH. Osteomyelitis in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:2305-18. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. Lancet 2004; 364(9431): 369-79. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39(7): 885-910. McLaren AC. Alternative materials to acrylic bone cement for delivery of depot antibiotics in orthopedic infections. Clin Orthop. 2004;(427):101-06. Guglielmo BJ, Luber AD, Paletta D, Jr., Jacobs RA. Ceftriaxone therapy for staphylococcal osteomyelitis: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 30(1): 205-7. Haas DW, McAndrew MP. Bacterial osteomyelitis in adults: evolving considerations in diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 1996; 101(5): 550-61. Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN. Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. 3. Osteomyelitis associated with vascular insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1970; 282(6): 316-22. INTERNET Shah M. Charcot Arthropathy. Updated: Jun 21, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1234293-overview Accessed June 24, 2019. Koshhal K, Subacute Osteomyelitis (Brodie Abscess). Updated: Aug 09, 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1248682-overview Accessed June 24, 2019. Bacteria and fungi can cause osteomyelitis. This painful bone infection causes swelling that can damage bone and lead to bone loss. Fast treatment with antibiotics often works. Some people need surgery to drain abscesses or remove damaged bone. Young children, the elderly and people with diabetes are most at risk for osteomyelitis.
OverviewWhat is osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis is a bone infection caused by bacteria or fungi. It causes painful swelling of bone marrow, the soft tissue inside your bones. Without treatment, swelling from this bone infection can cut off blood supply to your bone, causing bone to die. What is bone marrow?Certain bones in your skeletal system, such as the hip and thighbones, contain soft, spongy tissue. This tissue, called bone marrow, makes stem cells that produce blood cells and platelets. How common is osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis affects about 2 to 5 out of every 10,000 people. It’s one of the oldest diseases on record. Scientists have traced it back more than 250 million years. Who might have osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis affects people of all ages and genders. Children younger than 3, the elderly and people with serious medical conditions are more prone to the condition. In children, the infection is more likely to affect long bones, such as those found in the legs and arms. In adults, bone infections more often target the spine. What are the types of osteomyelitis?Types of osteomyelitis include:
Symptoms and CausesWhat causes osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis occurs when bacteria from nearby infected tissue or an open wound circulate in your blood and settle in bone, where they multiply. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (staph infection) typically cause osteomyelitis. Sometimes, a fungus or other germ causes a bone infection. You’re more at risk for getting osteomyelitis if you have:
What are the symptoms of osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis signs vary depending on the type and cause. Some people with chronic osteomyelitis don’t have any symptoms. In addition to pain, the infected area may be red, warm, swollen and tender to touch. Other signs of osteomyelitis include:
Diagnosis and TestsHow is osteomyelitis diagnosed?After assessing your symptoms and performing a physical exam, your healthcare provider may order one or more of these tests:
Management and TreatmentWhat are the complications of osteomyelitis?Complications of osteomyelitis include:
How is osteomyelitis managed or treated?A bone infection can take a long time to heal. The infection may clear up faster if you start treatment within three to five days of first noticing symptoms. Treatments include:
Surgery is sometimes needed to treat bone infections. You’ll need antibiotics after surgery. Surgical options include:
PreventionHow can I prevent osteomyelitis?It’s important to clean and treat wounds to keep out bacteria and prevent infections. If you’ve had a recent bone break or surgery, or have an artificial joint, contact your healthcare provider at the first sign of any infection. But in many instances, there isn’t anything you can do to prevent osteomyelitis. Outlook / PrognosisWhat is the prognosis (outlook) for people who have osteomyelitis?Most people with osteomyelitis recover with treatment. Your prognosis is better the earlier you catch the infection and start treatment. Untreated or chronic infections may permanently damage bones, muscles and tissues. Living WithWhen should I call the doctor?You should call your healthcare provider if you’re at risk for a bone infection and experience:
What questions should I ask my doctor?You may want to ask your healthcare provider:
A note from Cleveland Clinic Osteomyelitis is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment. Most bone infections go away when you take antibiotics. Be sure to take all your prescribed medication even if you start feeling better. Stopping medications too soon can allow the infection to return. If you’re at risk for osteomyelitis, talk to your healthcare provider about the warning signs of infection so you know when to seek prompt medical care. Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Print Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 12/01/2021. References
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What are the main signs of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis?The onset of symptoms in AHO is often insidious. Children present with fever, localized pain, swelling, and rarely erythema around a long bone, limited range of motion, and limping or refusal to bear weight or use an extremity (pseudoparalysis).
What is the clinical picture of a patient with osteomyelitis?Osteomyelitis is often diagnosed clinically on the basis of nonspecific symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, lethargy, or irritability. The classic signs of inflammation, including local pain, swelling, or redness, may also occur and usually disappear within 5-7 days.
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