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Hydrocephalus is a chronic, neurological condition caused by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cavities (ventricles) of the brain. Show
Hydrocephalus happens when there is an imbalance between the amount of CSF produced and the rate at which it is absorbed. As the CSF builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge, putting increased pressure on the brain. What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)? The brain produces a clear fluid called, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. CSF is mostly produced in the ventricles and the choroid plexus. It circulates through the ventricular system in the brain and is absorbed into the bloodstream. CSF is in constant circulation and has many functions. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a protective cushion against injury. CSF contains nutrients and proteins that are needed for the nourishment and normal function of the brain. It carries waste products away from surrounding tissues. For more detailed information, visit Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics Relevant to Hydrocephalus.Who Develops Hydrocephalus?Hydrocephalus affects a wide range of people, from infants and older children to young, middle-aged and older adults.
While there is currently no known way to prevent or cure hydrocephalus, it can be treated with surgical intervention. For more detailed information on hydrocephalus, watch Brain Matters: Hydrocephalus 101 with Dr. Marion L (Jack) Walker, MD and James P. (Pat) McAllister II, PhD. Types and Causes of HydrocephalusHydrocephalus can develop for a variety of reasons. You can be Born with HydrocephalusHydrocephalus present at birth, even if it surfaces later in life, is referred to as congenital hydrocephalus. It is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. The most common causes of congenital hydrocephalus are:
You can Acquire HydrocephalusHydrocephalus that develops after birth is referred to as acquired hydrocephalus. Both children and adults can be diagnosed with it. The most common causes are:
There are other classifications that you might hear when talking to your doctor, particularly around the time of diagnosis. These can include:
For more detailed information, visit Types and Causes. You can Develop Hydrocephalus as an Older AdultHydrocephalus that occurs in older adults is referred to as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and is most commonly seen in adults aged 60 and older. NPH differs from hydrocephalus in that the ventricles in the brain become enlarged, sometimes with little or no increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). For information on causes, diagnosis, treatments, and ongoing management of NPH, visit About Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. What are the Symptoms of Hydrocephalus?The symptoms of untreated hydrocephalus vary, however, there are some overarching signs and symptoms of the condition. Infants: Physical Symptoms
. Children: Physical and Cognitive Symptoms
. Young and Middle-aged Adults: Physical Symptoms
. Older Adults with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Physical SymptomsDecreased normal functioning in three main areas:
For information on causes, diagnosis, treatments, and ongoing management of NPH, visit About Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Diagnosis of HydrocephalusDiagnosis During PregnancyDuring pregnancy, an ultrasound may detect enlarged ventricles, indicating the possible presence of hydrocephalus. In some cases, fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be done, especially when abnormal anatomy is observed with ultrasonography. The MRI provides more detailed images of the brain and information about the extent and severity of hydrocephalus. Types of Tests for Infants, Children, and AdultsA diagnosis is made by using brain imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a thorough neurological evaluation during a doctor visit. To learn more visit or . Additional Types of Tests for AdultsMore tests are often performed in adults in order to diagnose the condition. These tests may include lumbar puncture (spinal tap), continuous lumbar CSF drainage, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, measurement of cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance, or isotopic cisternography. A neuropsychological evaluation may also be recommended. The decision to order a particular test may depend on the specific clinical situation, as well as the preference and experience of the medical team. Not all of the tests listed are required in order to make a diagnosis. Is Hydrocephalus Treatable?Yes, hydrocephalus is treatable with early detection and appropriate intervention. While brain surgery is currently the only form of treatment, many people find success in managing their hydrocephalus with one of the three following surgical options:
Note: Hydrocephalus during pregnancy is managed by observing your baby (fetus) with regular ultrasounds. At this time, there is no fetal treatment for this condition. . Management of HydrocephalusIt is important to understand that living with a shunt or ETV requires being well-informed and vigilant about potential complications. While some people can go many years without experiencing any issues, hydrocephalus is a complex condition. Therefore, it’s critical to be prepared in case complications do arise. Complications of a Shunt and an ETV It is possible for a shunt to malfunction, fail, or become infected, which would then require a shunt revision (brain surgery). Likewise, an ETV can close unexpectedly and put an individual in an emergency situation. It is critical to understand the signs and symptoms of shunt failure or the closure of an ETV in order to respond quickly. Seeking immediate medical attention can identify a resolvable complication and enable you or your family member to avoid brain damage or even death. To learn more visit Complications of Shunt Systems and ETV Complications. What is the Prognosis?Investments in research and advances in technology, as well as diagnostic and treatment protocols, are bringing hope to individuals with hydrocephalus, enabling them to lead full and active lives. The long-term effects of hydrocephalus can vary greatly from person to person. While every individual’s experience is unique, there are some general problems we see across our patient population. These include, but are not limited to:
Navigating the journey with hydrocephalus can be filled with challenges and uncertainties, but we want you to know that you are not alone. We are here to provide you with essential tools and resources, empowering you to take control of your life. The Hydrocephalus Association fosters a supportive community across the country, ready to stand by you and your family every step of the way. Information you can trust! This article was produced by the Hydrocephalus Association, copyright 2023. We would like to thank the following individuals for their valuable contributions and expert input: Marion L. (Jack) Walker, MD, and Cathy Cartwright, DNP, RN-BC, PCNS, FAAN. Can you be cured of hydrocephalus?Hydrocephalus is a chronic condition. It can be controlled, but usually not cured. With appropriate early treatment, however, many people with hydrocephalus lead normal lives with few limitations. Hydrocephalus can occur at any age, but is most common in infants and adults age 60 and older.nullAdult-onset Hydrocephalus – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatmentswww.aans.org › Patients › Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments › Ad...null Can you live a long life with hydrocephalus?Early diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus can improve the survival rate of patients. Most hydrocephalus patients lead long, problem-free lives. However, if left untreated, hydrocephalus may prove to be fatal. The longer the symptoms persist, the more difficult it becomes to treat.nullWhat Is the Survival Rate of Hydrocephalus? - MedicineNetwww.medicinenet.com › articlenull Can hydrocephalus resolve on its own?Hydrocephalus is a condition of the brain where there is a pressure-induced deterioration of brain functions. It does not go away on its own and needs special treatment. Hydrocephalus is due to the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cavities deep within the brain. These cavities are called ventricles.nullDoes Hydrocephalus Go Away? - MedicineNetwww.medicinenet.com › does_hydrocephalus_go_away › articlenull Is hydrocephalus life threatening?The excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, which can damage it. If left untreated, hydrocephalus can be fatal.nullHydrocephalus - NHSwww.nhs.uk › conditions › hydrocephalusnull |