When information is complete neutral and free from error it possess the qualitative characteristics of faithful?

Helping students to understand, rather than just memorise, IFRS principles

The IFRS Conceptual Framework underpins what international financial reporting standards say and why they identify a particular accounting treatment. Students must understand this if they are to understand wider IFRS principles.

An important aspect of the Conceptual Framework is an attempt to define “high quality” information, or in other words, what makes financial information useful.

According to the Conceptual Framework, useful information has the qualitative characteristics of being relevant, and faithfully represents the underlying event, that is, the words and numbers on the screen or the page should communicate the underlying economic reality.

Now I think of these characteristics as cats – just because it helps me to imagine how these characteristics work. So we have two cats – Relevance and Faithful representation – and they are the primary qualitative characteristics of useful financial information.  

Relevance means that information has predictive or confirmatory value – it can help users to predict future outcomes, for example future profits, or it can confirm or refute previous predictions.  

Faithful representation means a depiction which is complete, neutral and free from error.  

• Completeness means that all the information that a user needs to understand the economic phenomena is included;
• Neutrality means that the representation is unbiased, it’s neither overly optimistic nor overly pessimistic.
• Freedom from error means that there are no errors in the depiction which would make a difference to the economic decision – the information does not have to be completely accurate but it has to be good enough for decision-making purposes.

Then there are four secondary characteristics known as enhancing qualitative characteristics which also contribute to high-quality information. And I think of these as kittens and they are:

Comparability: good quality information allows users to compare the financial results of a business over time or with other businesses.

Verifiability: different observers are able to agree on what the information means.

Understandability: information should be understandable to users with a reasonable level of knowledge.

Timeliness: information tends to be more useful if it is more current.

These secondary characteristics are kittens because they are enhancing rather than overriding. If there is a conflict between the primary characteristics and the secondary characteristics then the primary characteristic prevails.

For example, you cannot oversimplify information to the extent that it is no longer a faithful representation just to make it more understandable – because faithful representation is a cat (a primary characteristic) and understandability is a kitten (a secondary characteristic).

If the underlying economic phenomenon is complex, and therefore inherently difficult to understand, then its representation will be complex.

Now one final point about quality – in any business decision there is an overriding cost quality trade-off and this is formalised in the Conceptual Framework as the cost constraint.

The costs of reporting better quality financial information need to be justified by the extra benefits of that better quality financial information.

So there is a balance to be struck between maximising the qualitative characteristics of financial information and producing that information at an acceptable cost.

I think of the cost constraint as a big angry dog, Fido, because, well, how else do you keep cats and kittens in line?

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